The Basics of Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection

Learn the basics of Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection.

The Basics of Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection 

UV disinfection is not new!

Disinfection with sunlight has been recognised for centuries. The germicidal properties of sunlight were demonstrated by Downes and Blunt in 1877. Once it was understood that specific UV-C wavelengths are responsible for this germicidal activity, the technology was developed so that UV light could be used in a controlled and meaningful way. Today, UV Systems are used extensively across Australia providing reliable disinfection for potable water, process water and healthcare water supplies.



UV technology is easy to explain

Ultraviolet light is a sophisticated disinfection solution, but it doesn't require an overly technical explanation. Light of a specific wavelength is passed through the water, inactivating any pathogens that are present. Because they are inactivated, microbes can no longer multiply, which means they cant cause infection

 

The below diagram outlines the basic features of an UV Disinfection System

 

How to select the right UV Disinfection System

There are a few factors to consider when choosing a suitable UV disinfection system for your project. Below we have outlines just a few areas that are important to get correct.

 

Flow Rate Calculations 

When selecting a UV system, it is very important to know what the Maximum Water Flow is required to be treated. In many applications for healthcare and dental, this can be calculated from the equipment specification.

When sizing a UV for a aged care facililty or dwelling, the maximum flow rate can be calculated by multiplying the amount of taps that may be required to run at one time. Follow this link for a list of Water Usage By Industry Chart

UV Systems can be plumbed in parallel configuration to achieve high flow rates.

 

UV Dose Rate

UV dosage rates are as important as they must be high enough to kill the bacteria or pathogens you are targeting. Many general bacteria and parasites such as giardia and cryptosporidium, commonly found in rainwater supplies, only require relatively low dose rates.

Every UV system on the market is required to have a Dosage Chart which helps to calculate the maximum flow rate achieved for a particular UV Dosage.

Note: Many Dosage Charts will express dose rates based on excellent water qualities. You may have to 'upsize" a UV system to achieve adequate disinfection on some water supplies.

UV dosage rates are expressed in a mJ/cm2 format.  Some common Target UV Dosage Rates referred to in UV technology include:

  • 16mJ/cm2 - Suited to general rainwater applications with a clean reticulation and catchment area
  • 30 mJ/cm2 - This is a good Target UV Dosage to aim for when sizing process applications
  • 40 mJ/cm2  - Used for critical applications in healthcare, waste water and chlorine deactivation

 

Beware of oversized System Connections

Take note, many UV manufacturers will equip steriliser reactor chambers with oversized inlet and outlet ports. Never assume a systems capability solely from the port size of the system as this often does not reflect the disinfection or hydraulic capacity of the system.

As a safeguard, always check the specification sheet for details on Maximum Flow and, in particular, the UV Dose Rate Chart.

 

 

Why pre-filtration is important for UV disinfection

For the best results and minimal maintenance, UV systems do require some pre-treatment. At the least, this includes a sediment filter, which is often included in newer, higher quality systems. 

UV systems rely on UV-C rays of light coming in contact with water molecules as they pass through the reactor chamber. Without filtration, particlulate in the water supply 'shaddows' some pathogens and bacteria, preventing them from proper inactivation.

 

Basic steps for servicing a UV System

To ensure ongoing disinfection and longevity, UV systems require periodic maintenance. While this is quite simple to perform, her are a few basic steps to follow and some tips that may assist you for the first time.

 

Cleaning the Quartz Sleeve

The quartz sleeve is normally located through the centre of the UV reactor chamber. This clear 'glass' tube is sealed to the chamber by means of an O-ring and compression nut located on the end of the chamber.

Scale and dirt deposits can build up on the quartz sleeve and prevent the UV rays from shining through the water, in turn, reducing the effectiveness of the system. 

Equipment required: A clean cotton cloth or rag, CLR (Calicum, Lime & Rust Remover - Normally found at Bunnings) and replacement O-rings - in case one is perished.

  1. Shut off the water supply to the unit - Be sure to open a tap after the system to drain any system pressure
  2. Turn off the power supply to the UV Controller
  3. Remove the lamp connection plug - Some system may require a tool for this step
  4. Remove the UV Lamp and place in a safe, dry place - Use a clean cotton cloth when handling UV Lamps and sleeves to ensure no fingerprints are left on the glass
  5. Unscrew the compression nuts  - These are located on the end/s
  6. Remove the O-ring/s
  7. Slide the quartz sleeve from the chamber - Take care to use a cotton cloth.
  8. Wet a cloth with CLR solution - rubber gloves are recommended
  9. Wipe the quartz sleeve to clean any scale or rust deposits off the sleeve.
  10. Replace the quartz sleeve in the same way as it was removed - Replace the O-rings if perished
  11. Slowly turn on the supply of water and check for leaks
  12. Replace the UV Lamp into the quartz sleeve 

    Note: UV Lamps normally have a 9000 Hour Life and should be replaced every 12 Months
     
  13. Connect the Lamp to the UV Controller
  14. If a new lamp has been installed, reset the Lamp Counter - Follow the instructions in your user manual
  15. Check for faults and leaks

 

Look out for future updates and instructions, thanks for reading...